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If the photosynthetic organisms assimilated only CO 2  in the Archean atmosphere, hydroxide ion in the Archean seawater would not increase. If plants would not consume bicarbonate as a direct substrate during photosynthesis, it is difficult to explain the evolution of Earth's environment. To date, it is generally accepted that photosynthetic O 2  evolution of plants come from water photolysis. However, it should be debated by evaluating the effect of bicarbonate in photosynthetic O 2  evolution, analyzing the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in photosynthetic O 2  evolution, and the relationship between thylakoid CA and photosynthetic O 2  evolution. In the paper, I propose that bicarbonate is directly used as substrate to participate in photosynthetic O 2  evolution. The rationality of bicarbonate photolysis of plants is discussed from the thermodynamics and evolution of Earth's environment. The isotopic evidence that bicarbonate is not the direct substrate of photosynthetic O 2  release is reexamined, and the new explanation of bicarbonate photolysis in photosynthetic O 2  evolution is proposed.

Is bicarbonate directly used as substrate to participate in photosynthetic oxygen evolution