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The highly divergent, small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) genotype E Roccaverano strain has a full genome consisting of 8,418 nucleotides, which lack the entire dUTPase subunit of the pol gene, the vpr-like accessory gene, and the 71-bp repeat of the U3 region within the long terminal repeat (LTR). These deletions affect in reverse transcriptase fidelity in non-dividing cells (dUTPase and vpr-like) and in the regulation of viral replication. Surprisingly, this SRLV strain was able to replicate efficiently in non-dividing cells (i.e., blood-derived macrophages), while replication in fibroblastic-like cells was somewhat restricted. To evaluate whether this observation was due to the presence/absence of specific transcription factors within these fibroblasts, U3 transcriptional activity was measured in the different cell types and revealed that both fibroblasts and macrophages were able to activate the viral promoter in the same manner. Among the transcription factor-binding sites present within the U3 region, the highly conserved Ap4 tandem repeat was shown to be sufficient for LTR promoter activity.

LTR promoter activity of SRLV genotype E, strain Roccaverano