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Taking the 32 storm sudden commencements (SSCs) listed by ISGI during 2002 asa starting point, we performed a multi-criterion analysis based on observations(propagation time, velocity comparisons, sense of the magnetic field rotation,radio waves) to associate them with solar sources. We identified their effectsin the interplanetary medium, and looked at the response of the terrestrialionized and neutral environment. We find that 28 SSCs can be related to 44coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 15 with a unique CME and 13 with a series ofmultiple CMEs, among which 19 involved halo CMEs; 12 of the 19 fastest CMEswith speeds greater than 1000 km/s are halo CMEs. The probability for an SSC tooccur is 75% if the CME is a halo CME. The complex interactions between twoCMEs and the modification of their trajectories have been examined using jointwhite-light and multiple-wavelength radio observations. The solar-windstructures at L1 after the shocks leading the 32 SSCs are 12 magnetic clouds(MCs), 6 interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) without an MC structure, 4 miscellaneousstructures, which cannot unambiguously be classified as ICMEs, 5 corotating orstream interaction regions (CIRs/SIRs), and 4 isolated shock events; note thanone CIR caused two SSCs. The 11 MCs listed in 3 or more MC catalogs coveringthe year 2002 are associated with SSCs. For the 3 most intense geomagneticstorms related to MCs, we note 2 sudden increases of the Dst, at the arrival ofthe sheath and the arrival of the MC itself. The most geoeffective events areMCs, since 92% of them trigger moderate or intense storms, followed by ICMEs(33%). At best, CIRs/SIRs only cause weak storms. We show that thesegeoeffective events (ICMEs or MCs) trigger or reinforce terrestrial radiowaveactivity in the magnetosphere, an enhanced convection in the ionosphere, and astronger response in the thermosphere.

solar physics

Statistical Analysis of Solar Events Associated with Storm Sudden  Commencements over One Year of Solar Maximum during Cycle 23: Propagation  from the Sun to the Earth and Effects