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From the outset of superconductivity research it was assumed that noelectrostatic fields could exist inside superconductors, and this assumptionwas incorporated into conventional London electrodynamics. Yet the Londonbrothers themselves initially (in 1935) had proposed an electrodynamic theoryof superconductors that allowed for static electric fields in their interior,which they unfortunately discarded a year later. I argue that the Meissnereffect in superconductors necessitates the existence of an electrostatic fieldin their interior, originating in the expulsion of negative charge from theinterior to the surface when a metal becomes superconducting. The theory ofhole superconductivity predicts this physics, and associated with it amacroscopic spin current in the ground state of superconductors ("Spin Meissnereffect"), qualitatively different from what is predicted by conventionalBCS-London theory. A new London-like electrodynamic description ofsuperconductors is proposed to describe this physics. Within this theorysuperconductivity is driven by lowering of quantum kinetic energy, the factthat the Coulomb repulsion strongly depends on the character of the chargecarriers, namely whether electron- or hole-like, and the spin-orbitinteraction. The electron-phonon interaction does not play a significant role,yet the existence of an isotope effect in many superconductors is easilyunderstood. In the strong coupling regime the theory appears to favor localcharge inhomogeneity. The theory is proposed to apply to all superconductingmaterials, from the elements to the high $T_c$ cuprates and pnictides, ishighly falsifiable, and explains a wide variety of experimental observations.

Correcting 100 years of misunderstanding: electric fields in superconductors, hole superconductivity, and the Meissner effect