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persistent, basin-scale atmospheric anomalies, regardless of whether they are generated under the remote influence of tropical variability or through internal atmospheric dynamics. The involvement of those migratory eddies renders the extratropical atmospheric anomalies more barotropic with enhanced surface wind anomalies, consequently forcing basin-scale SST anomalies by modifying latent and sensible heat fluxes (hereafter LHF and SHF, respectively) from the sea surface and/or modulating sub-surface mixing and associated entrainment at the mixed-layer bottom. In fact, statistical analysis based on in situ SST observations in a rather coarse spatial resolution, as often in practice until recently, tends to extract such basin-scale SST anomalies as a consequence of atmospheric variability, whose polarities are such that negative SST anomalies are associated with enhanced heat release into the atmosphere and vice versa (Kushnir et al. 2002). The passive response of the extratropical ocean to atmospheric variability is consistent with the established notion that the potential predictability of the extratropical atmospheric circulation is found basically in the teleconnection from coupled ocean/atmosphere variability in the tropics. Nevertheless, the passiveness of the extratropical ocean may sound rather counterintuitive if a climatic role of the subtropical gyres in poleward heat transport is considered. In each of the basins, a huge amount of heat transferred by a gyre from the tropics is intensively released into the atmosphere through LHF and SHF from a narrow western boundary current (WBC) in the subtropics and midlatitudes, including the Kuroshio current and the Gulf Stream in the Northern Hemisphere and the Brazil, East Australian and Agulhas currents in the Southern Hemisphere. Each of the warm WBCs, especially its eastward extension, tends to be confluent with a cold current, forming an oceanic frontal zone with a sharp SST gradient and active meso-scale It has been widely accepted that extratropical oceans vary in their passive response to mechanical and thermal forcing exerted by variability in the overlying atmosphere that is generated locally by internal dynamics or remotely through teleconnection from the coupled ocean–atmosphere variability in the tropics, including the El Niño/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the tropics, sea-surface temperature (SST) is generally so high that its small changes can modulate activity of cumulus convection to allow effective coupling of ocean/atmosphere variability. The anomalous latent heat release in the troposphere can change vertical motion in the tropics, the influence of which can reach into the extratropics via atmospheric teleconnection. In the extratropics, where SST is generally lower, its variability has been believed to exert no significant influence on the overlying atmosphere. Rather, over each of the midlatitude ocean basins, especially in winter, synoptic-scale cyclone and anticyclones that recurrently develop and migrate along a stormtrack act to maintain “Hot Spots” in the Climate System: New Developments in the Extratropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Research

“Hot Spots” in the climate system—new developments in the extratropical ocean–atmosphere interaction research: a short review and an introduction