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Two quantum key agreement protocols using Bell states and Bell measurementwere recently proposed by Shukla et al.(Quantum Inf. Process. 13(11),2391-2405, 2014). However, Zhu et al. pointed out that there are some securityflaws and proposed an improved version (Quantum Inf. Process. 14(11),4245-4254, 2015). In this study, we will show Zhu et al.'s improvement stillexists some security problems, and its efficiency is not high enough. Forsolving these problems, we utilize four Pauli operations {I, Z, X, Y } toencode two bits instead of the original two operations {I,X} to encode one bit,and then propose an efficient and secure arbitrary N-party quantum keyagreement protocol. In the protocol, the channel checking with decoy singlephotons is introduced to avoid the eavesdropper's flip attack, and apost-measurement mechanism is used to prevent against the collusion attack. Thesecurity analysis shows the present protocol can guarantee the correctness,security, privacy and fairness of quantum key agreement.

An Efficient and Secure Arbitrary N-Party Quantum Key Agreement Protocol Using Bell States