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A 95-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of feeding  Bacillus subtilis  fermented  Azolla  ( BSFA ) on nonspecific immunity, antioxidative status, intestinal digestive enzymes and histomorphometry, and disease resistance in the Nile tilapia. We formulated five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets to incorporate  BSFA  at level of (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%). The growth performance parameters (FBW, BWG, SGR, PER, and FCR) revealed a significant increase in the BSFA30 tilapia group compared to the control group followed by  BSFA45  ( P    0.05). Interestingly, Nile tilapia fed with  BSFA15  diet exhibited the highest protease activity level ( P  &lt; 0.05), while those fed on  BSFA30  documented the highest amylase activity. Intestinal histomorphology was significantly enhanced with the gradual increase of administrated  BSFA . Regarding the tilapia disease resistance against  Aeromonas septicemia ,  BSFA  significantly diminished the cumulative mortality compared to the control group. To sum up,  BSFA  was more effective in improving the growth performance and immunity of Nile tilapia. Graphical abstract

fish physiology and biochemistry

The optimized inclusion level of Bacillus subtilis fermented Azolla pinnata in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets: immunity, antioxidative status, intestinal digestive enzymes and histomorphometry, and disease resistance