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Occurrence of stem rust, caused by  Puccinia graminis  f. sp.  avenae,  on oat fields in Europe may lead to significant yield losses. The last  P. graminis  virulence research in this region had been carried out in the years 1988 to 1996, therefore the aim of this study was the update of pathogen’s virulence structure as well as the evaluation of  Pg  race-specific resistance genes and their potential for use in practical breeding in central and eastern European growing conditions. To assess the pathotype structure of  P. graminis  in Poland and evaluate the potential of  Pg  resistance genes, 148 isolates were collected during 2017–2020. Their virulence structure was determined in laboratory conditions on 12  Pg  differentials as well as oat lines ‘Pg-a’, ‘Alpha’, ‘Omega’ and ‘Wisconsin X-1588-2’. In total, 57 pathotypes were detected, of which the most dominant race was SSK. High frequency was also recorded for TSK, TKK and TTK.  Puccinia graminis  isolates were able to overcome from 5 to 11  Pg  resistance genes with an average virulence complexity of 8.6. There was no isolate virulent to  Pg12,  ‘Pg-a’, ‘Alpha’ and ‘Omega’, hence these genes can be used in the breeding programmes. Gene  Pg10  was also relatively effective, overcome by 33 out of 148  P. graminis  isolates. The virulence profile observed may be representative of eastern Europe and beyond.

First detailed report on Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae virulence structure and Pg resistance genes effective in Poland