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Graphic abstract  The adsorption of locust bean gum (LBG) onto Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) pulp improved paper tensile and burst strength and lowered refining energy by strengthening inter-fibre bonding. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated to develop a fundamental understanding of the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption rate followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the activation energy was 99.34 kJ·mol −1 , suggesting chemisorption. The adsorption rate constant increased rapidly with temperature from 25 to 45 °C ( k  = 1.93 to 24.03 g·mg −1 ·min −1 ), but the amount adsorbed at equilibrium decreased ( q   e   = 1.91 to 0.48 mg·g −1  o.d. fibre). LBG adsorption to NBSK at 25 °C was consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model for LBG < 2.1 wt% of o.d. fibre, suggesting reversible, homogenous adsorption to a finite number of sites on the fibre surface. Refining to 3000 rev increased the heterogeneity of the NBSK pulp surface leading to multi-layer Freundlich adsorption with adsorption constant  n  = 5.00, and the equilibrium constant  K   f   = 2.57 mg·g −1 ·(mg·L −1 ) −1/n  at 25 °C. Favorable adsorption conditions for negatively charged LBG were identified: 25 °C for 10 min, low dosage level (< 2 wt%), lightly refined (< 3000 rev) NBSK pulp at low fibre consistency (< 0.5 wt%), high agitation rate (> 150 r.p.m.), acidic or neutral conditions (pH 2–7) without salt addition.Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04133-w.

Locust bean gum adsorption onto softwood kraft pulp fibres: isotherms, kinetics and paper strength