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Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to quantitatively study nanomaterials in different media, e.g. vacuum, air, or submerged in a liquid. A technique was developed to study swelling of individual cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) using AFM. As a case study, CNFs with different degrees of crystallinity (DoC) were examined for swellability going from dry to wet (submerged in de-ionized water). Swelling was found to depend on DoC, but no significant correlation between fibril diameter and swellability was seen. Upon introduction of de-ionized water high DoC samples ( $$65\pm 2\%$$ 65 ± 2 % ) were found to have a diameter increase of 34% on average, whereas low DoC ( $$44\pm 2\%$$ 44 ± 2 % ) were found to have a diameter increase of 44% on average. A tested control, consisting of platinum nanowires on silisium, did not swell. Graphic abstract

Swelling of individual cellulose nanofibrils in water, role of crystallinity: an AFM study