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We propose a new turbulence closure model based on the budget equations forthe key second moments: turbulent kinetic and potential energies: TKE and TPE(comprising the turbulent total energy: TTE = TKE + TPE) and vertical turbulentfluxes of momentum and buoyancy (proportional to potential temperature).Besides the concept of TTE, we take into account the non-gradient correction tothe traditional buoyancy flux formulation. The proposed model grants theexistence of turbulence at any gradient Richardson number, Ri. Instead of itscritical value separating - as usually assumed - the turbulent and the laminarregimes, it reveals a transition interval, 0.1< Ri <1, which separates tworegimes of essentially different nature but both turbulent: strong turbulenceat Ri<<1; and weak turbulence, capable of transporting momentum but much lessefficient in transporting heat, at Ri>1. Predictions from this model areconsistent with available data from atmospheric and lab experiments, directnumerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES).Comment: 40 pages, 6 figures, Boundary-layer Meteorology, resubmitted, revised  versio

Energy- and flux-budget (EFB) turbulence closure model for stably stratified flows. Part I: steady-state, homogeneous regimes