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In many areas of Africa, recent studies highlighted the great impact of ticks on animal and human health throughout the continent. On the other hand, very limited information on the bacterial endosymbionts of the African ticks and their pattern of co-infections with other bacteria are found in literature, notwithstanding their pivotal role in tick survival and vector efficiency. Thus, we investigated the distribution of selected pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria in hard ticks collected from wild, domestic animals and from vegetation in various ecological zones in Africa and their co-occurrence in the same tick host. Overall, 339 hard ticks were morphologically identified as belonging to the genera  Amblyomma ,  Dermacentor ,  Hyalomma ,  Haemaphysalis, Ixodes  and  Rhipicephalus . Molecular screening provided information on pathogens circulation in Africa, detecting spotted fever group rickettsiae,  Anaplasma  spp.,  Ehrlichia ruminantium ,  Borrelia garinii ,  Babesia  spp.,  Theileria  spp. and  Coxiella burnetii . Furthermore, our work provides insights on the African scenario of tick-symbiont associations, revealing the presence of  Coxiella ,  Francisella  and  Midichloria  across multiple tick populations.  Coxiella  endosymbionts were the most prevalent microorganisms, and that with the broadest spectrum of hosts, being detected in 16 tick species.  Francisella  was highly prevalent among the  Hyalomma  species tested and correlated negatively with the presence of  Coxiella , showing a potential competitive interaction. Interestingly, we detected a positive association of  Francisella  with  Rickettsia  in specimens of  Hy. rufipe s, suggesting a synergistic interaction between them. Finally,  Midichloria  was the most prevalent symbiont in  Rhipicephalus sanguineus  sensu lato from Egypt.   Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10493-021-00598-3.

experimental and applied acarology

Multi‐country investigation of the diversity and associated microorganisms isolated from tick species from domestic animals, wildlife and vegetation in selected african countries