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The objective of this synthesis is to\udpresent the key messages and draw the main conclusions\udfrom the work on lakes in the REBECCA\udproject, pointing out their links to theoretical ecology\udand their applicability for the WFD implementation.\udType-specific results were obtained from analyses of\udlarge pan-European datasets for phytoplankton, macrophytes,\udmacroinvertebrates and fish, and indicators\udand relationships showing the impact of eutrophication\udor acidification on these biological elements\udwere constructed. The thresholds identified in many\udof the response curves are well suited for setting\udecological status class boundaries and can be applied\udin the intercalibration of classification systems. Good\udindicators for phytoplankton (chrysophytes, cyanobacteria)\udand macrophytes (isoetids and charaphytes)\udresponses to eutrophication were identified, and the\udlevel of eutrophication pressure needed to reach the\udthresholds for these indicators was quantified. Several\udexisting metrics developed for macrophytes had low\udcomparability and need further harmonisation to be\uduseful for intercalibration of classification systems.\udFor macroinvertebrates, a number of metrics developed\udfor rivers turned out to be less useful to describe\udlake responses to eutrophication and acidification,\udwhereas other species based indicators were more promising. All the biological elements showed different responses in different lake types according to alkalinity and humic substances, and also partly\udaccording to depth. Better harmonisation of monitoring\udmethods is needed to achieve better precision in\udthe dose–response curves. Future research should\udinclude impacts of hydromorphological pressures and\udclimate change, as well as predictions of timelags\udinvolved in responses to reduction of pressures

aquatic ecology

Ecological threshold responses in European lakes and their applicability for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) implementation: synthesis of lakes results from the REBECCA project