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Physiological tools can be used to identify thesources and consequences of stressors on animals. Understandingthe influences of variation in habitat quality and anthropogenicdisturbance on organism condition and health mayimprove future management and conservation. We presentresults concerning variation in haemoglobin and glucoseconcentrations in the blood of about 14-day-old nestling PiedFlycatchersFicedula hypoleuca in central Poland over a 4-yearperiod, 2011–2014, in a deciduous forest. The most importantfindings of the study are: (1) the concentration of haemoglobinand glucose of the nestlings from the same brood tended to beconsistently similar, with much variation occurring amongbroods; (2) repeatability of haemoglobin concentration washigher than repeatability of glucose concentration; (3) meanlevels of haemoglobin and glucose varied among years; (4)haemoglobin and glucose concentrations were negativelycorrelated; and (5) there was a positive relationship betweenhaemoglobin levels and breeding success.All procedures were approved by the LocalEthical Committee and the State Office for Environment Protection.We thank A. Jaksa, D. Man´kowska, M. Janiszewska and J. Białek fortheir help and consent in conducting research in the areas under theiradministration. The study was founded by a grant from the PolishMinistry of Science and Higher Education No. N N304 045136 andUniversity of Ło´dz´ (No. 506/829). We are obliged to P. Procter forlinguistic consultation. We thank both reviewers for their valuableand constructive comments

Patterns of year-to-year variation in haemoglobin and glucose concentrations in the blood of nestling Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca