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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been considered one of the main risk factors for breast cancer. Studies demonstrating the relationship between HRT and breast cancer incidence were conducted in Western countries and the target populations were mainly Caucasians. Since the Women’s Health Initiatives demonstrated that HRT increased the risk of breast cancer with statistical signifi cance, the number of HRT users in the United States has dramatically decreased. A recent case-control study has investigated the relationship between HRT and breast cancer in Japan, and here we review the results of this study to compare any discrepancy in breast cancer risk between Japanese and Western populations. For this case-control study, at seven institutions, women between the ages of 45 through 69 years, with histologically confi rmed breast cancer, were selected as the case group. An age-adjusted control group was selected, using hospitalbased data, including records of those screened for lung, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancer. Questionnaires

international journal of clinical oncology

No increase of breast cancer incidence in Japanese women who received hormone replacement therapy: overview of a case-control study of breast cancer risk in Japan