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Numerical simulations are presented of theion distribution functions seen by middle-altitude spacecraft in thelow-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and cusp regions when reconnection is, or hasrecently been, taking place at the equatorial magnetopause. From the evolutionof the distribution function with time elapsed since the field line was opened,both the observed energy/observation-time and pitch-angle/energy dispersions arewell reproduced. Distribution functions showing a mixture of magnetosheath andmagnetospheric ions, often thought to be a signature of the LLBL, are found onnewly opened field lines as a natural consequence of the magnetopause effects onthe ions and their flight times. In addition, it is shown that the extent of thesource region of the magnetosheath ions that are detected by a satellite is afunction of the sensitivity of the ion instrument . If the instrument one-countlevel is high (and/or solar-wind densities are low), the cusp ion precipitationdetected comes from a localised region of the mid-latitude magnetopause (aroundthe magnetic cusp), even though the reconnection takes place at the equatorialmagnetopause. However, if the instrument sensitivity is high enough, then ionsinjected from a large segment of the dayside magnetosphere (in the relevanthemisphere) will be detected in the cusp. Ion precipitation classed as LLBL isshown to arise from the low-latitude magnetopause, irrespective of theinstrument sensitivity. Adoption of threshold flux definitions has the sameeffect as instrument sensitivity in artificially restricting the apparent sourceregion  <b>Key words.</b> Low-latitude boundary layer · Cusp regions· Open magnetosphere model · Mid-altitude

Energy and pitch-angle dispersions of LLBL/cusp ions seen at middle altitudes: predictions by the open magnetosphere model