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In vacuum high-intensity lasers can cause photon-photon interaction via theprocess of virtual vacuum polarization which may be measured by the phasevelocity shift of photons across intense fields. In the optical frequencydomain, the photon-photon interaction is polarization-mediated described by theEuler-Heisenberg effective action. This theory predicts the vacuumbirefringence or polarization dependence of the phase velocity shift arisingfrom nonlinear properties in quantum electrodynamics (QED). We suggest a methodto measure the vacuum birefringence under intense optical laser fields based onthe absolute phase velocity shift by phase-contrast Fourier imaging. The methodmay serve for observing effects even beyond the QED vacuum polarization.

Probing vacuum birefringence by phase-contrast Fourier imaging under fields of high-intensity lasers