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We present a general technique, based on a primal-dual formulation, for analyzing the quality of self-emerging solutions in weighted congestion games. With respect to traditional combinatorial approaches, the primal-dual schema has at least three advantages: first, it provides an analytic tool which can always be used to prove tight upper bounds for all the cases in which we are able to characterize exactly the polyhedron of the solutions under analysis; secondly, in each such a case, the complementary slackness conditions give us a hint on how to construct matching lower bounding instances; thirdly, proofs become simpler and easy to check. For the sake of exposition, we first apply our technique to the problems of bounding the price of anarchy and stability of exact and approximate pure Nash equilibria, as well as the approximation ratio of the strategy profiles achieved after a one-round walk starting from the empty state, in the case of affine latency functions and we show how all the known upper bounds for these measures (and some of their generalizations) can be easily reobtained under a unified approach. Then, we use the technique to attack the more challenging setting of polynomial latency functions. In particular, we obtain the first known upper bounds on the price of stability of pure Nash equilibria and on the approximation ratio of the strategy profiles achieved after a one-round walk starting from the empty state for unweighted players in the cases of quadratic and cubic latency functions.

A Unifying Tool for Bounding the Quality of Non-Cooperative Solutions in Weighted Congestion Games