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Bark beetles of the genus  Polygraphus  have recently been involved in large bark beetle outbreaks in central Sweden, together with the European spruce bark beetle  Ips typographus . Three species of  Polygraphus  can be found in this region;  Polygraphus poligraphus ,  Polygraphus punctifrons  and  Polygraphus subopacus . Efficient pheromone traps would facilitate further investigations of these species and their role in bark beetle outbreaks. Pheromone compounds have previously been identified in  P. poligraphus  and  P. punctifrons , but not in  P. subopacus . Thus, we allowed males and females of  P. subopacus  to bore in the bark of stem sections of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) in the laboratory. Volatile organic compounds from boring insects were sampled with SPME and analysed with GC–MS and several male-specific compounds were observed. The male specific compounds were 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-butenal, grandisol, fragranol, ( Z )-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, ( E )-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, ( Z )-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde, ( E )-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde, geranial and γ-isogeraniol. ( Z )-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, [( Z )-DMCHE], was identified from GC–MS analysis to be the major male-specific compound while the ( E )-isomer, [( E )-DMCHE], was found as a minor compound. These two compounds gave positive responses in EAG analyses with antennae from males and females of  P. subopacus . Thus, ( Z )- and ( E )-DMCHE were used in a field experiment in central Sweden but only ( Z )-DMCHE was found to be attractive to males and females of  P. subopacus . Consequently, ( Z )-DMCHE was established to be a component of  P. subopacus  aggregation pheromone.

chemoecology

Identification of male produced compounds in the bark beetle Polygraphus subopacus and establishment of (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol as an aggregation pheromone component