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By the early 1990s John W. Daly, of the National Institutes of Health, had been collecting and cataloguing toxins from the skins of frogs for about 30 years, on the assumption that the enormous variety of alkaloid toxins (by then numbering in the hundreds) were synthesized by the frogs themselves (Daly 1998). However, he had begun to detect patterns that suggested the toxins might have a dietary origin, including temporal variation in toxin profiles within a population, similarity of toxins among frogs of four distantly related families (and even in a bird), the absence of alkaloids in captive-bred frogs, and the discovery of some identical compounds in a variety of small arthropods (Saporito et al. 2009). In a series of experiments in the mid1990s, Daly and his collaborators demonstrated that captive-reared and nontoxic frogs of the genus Dendrobates could acquire toxins from prey that had been dusted with alkaloids in the lab (Daly et al. 1994b). Furthermore, captive-reared frogs would, if housed with access to wild arthropods as prey, acquire alkaloid toxins (Daly et al. John W. Daly in the field in Colombia, 1970 (left from Myers 2009, courtesy of Charles W. Myers and Robert W. Hansen) and Panama, 2003 (right courtesy of Maureen A. Donnelly)

Sequestration of defensive toxins by tetrapod vertebrates: contributions in memory of John W. Daly