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An analysis is presented of events containing jets including at least one$b$-tagged jet, sizeable missing transverse momentum, and at least two leptonsincluding a pair of the same electric charge, with the scalar sum of the jetand lepton transverse momenta being large. A data sample with an integratedluminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV recordedby the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is used. Standard Modelprocesses rarely produce these final states, but there are several models ofphysics beyond the Standard Model that predict an enhanced rate of productionof such events; the ones considered here are production of vector-like quarks,enhanced four-top-quark production, pair production of chiral$b^\prime$-quarks, and production of two positively charged top quarks. Elevensignal regions are defined; subsets of these regions are combined whensearching for each class of models. In the three signal regions primarilysensitive to positively charged top quark pair production, the data yield isconsistent with the background expectation. There are more data events thanexpected from background in the set of eight signal regions defined forsearching for vector-like quarks and chiral $b^\prime$-quarks, but thesignificance of the discrepancy is less than two standard deviations. Thediscrepancy reaches 2.5 standard deviations in the set of five signal regionsdefined for searching for four-top-quark production. The results are used toset 95% CL limits on various models.

Analysis of events with $b$-jets and a pair of leptons of the same charge in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector