English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Clusters of galaxies allow a direct estimate of the metallicity and metalproduction yield on the largest scale so far. The ratio of the total iron massin the ICM to the total optical luminosity of the cluster (the ironmass-to-light-ratio) is the same for all clusters which ICM is hotter than$\sim 2$ keV, and the elemental proportions (i.e. the [$\alpha$/Fe] ratio)appear to be solar. From these evidences it is argued that both the IMF as wellthe relative contributions of SN types are likely to be universal. Constraintson the past SN activity in galaxy clusters are then derived, and support isgiven to the notion that the average SNIa rate was much higher in the past,i.e. at least 10 times more than currently observed in local ellopticals. It isalso argued that cluster metallicity ($\sim 1/3$ solar) should be taken asrepresentative of the low-z universe as a whole. There is now compellingevidence that the bulk of stars in cluster as well as in field ellipticals andbulges formed at high redshifts ($z\gsim 3$). Since such stars account for atleast $\sim 30%$ of the baryons now locked into stars, it is argued that atleast 30% of stars and metals formed before $z\simeq 3$. As a consequence, themetallicity of the universe at z=3 is predicted to be $\sim 1/10$ solar. Thisrequires the cosmic star formation rate to run at least flat from $z\sim 1$ to$\sim 5$, which appears to agree with the most recent derect determinations ofthe star formation rate in Lyman-break galaxies.

Chemical Evolution on the Scale of Clusters of Galaxies, and Beyond