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Nowadays, embodied conversational agents are gradually getting deployed in real-world applications like the guides in museums or exhibitions. In these applications, it is necessary for the agent to identify the addressee of each user utterance to deliberate appropriate responses in interacting with visitor groups. However, as long as the addressee identification mechanism is not completely correct, the agent makes error in its responses. Once there is an error, the agent’s hypothesis collapses and the following decision-making path may go to a totally different direction. We are working on developing the mechanism to detect the error from the users’ reactions and the mechanism to recover the error. This paper presents the first step, a method to detect laughing, surprises, and confused facial expressions after the agent’s wrong responses. This method is machine learning base with the data (user reactions) collected in a WOZ (Wizard of Oz) experiment and reached an accuracy over 90%.

Detecting Address Estimation Errors from Users’ Reactions in Multi-user Agent Conversation