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The adaptation to the multiple facets of climate/global change challenges the conventional means of water system planning. Numerous demand and supply management options are often available, from which a portfolio of adaptation measures needs to be selected in a context of high uncertainty about future conditions. A framework is developed to integrate inputs from the two main approaches commonly used to plan for adaptation. The proposed “top–down meets bottom–up” approach provides a systematic and practical method for supporting the selection of adaptation measures at river basin level by comprehensively integrating the goals of economic efficiency, social acceptability, environmental sustainability, and adaptation robustness. The top-down approach relies on the use of a chain of models to assess the impact of global change on water resources and its adaptive management over a range of climate projections. Future demand scenarios and locally prioritized adaptation measures are identified following a bottom-up approach through a participatory process with the relevant stakeholders and experts. Cost-effective combinations of adaptation measures are then selected using a hydro-economic model at basin scale. The resulting adaptation portfolios are climate checked to define a robust program of measures based on trade-offs between adaptation costs and reliability. Valuable insights are obtained on the use of uncertain climate information for selecting robust, reliable, and resilient water management portfolios. Finally, cost allocation and equity implications are analyzed through the comparison of economically rational results (cooperative game theory) and the application of social justice principles.

A Top-Down Meets Bottom-Up Approach for Climate Change Adaptation in Water Resource Systems