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Pathological science occurs when well-intentioned scientists spend extendedtime and resources studying a phenomena that isn't real. Researchers who getcaught up in pathological science are usually following the scientific methodand performing careful experiments, but they get tricked by nature. The studyof water has had several protracted episodes of pathological science, a few ofwhich are still ongoing. We discuss four areas of pathological water science-polywater, the Mpemba effect, Pollack's "fourth phase" of water, and theeffects of static magnetic fields on water. Some common water-specific issuesemerge such as the contamination and confounding of experiments with dissolvedsolutes and nanobubbles. General issues also emerge such as imprecision indefining what is being studied, bias towards confirmation rather thanfalsification, and poor standards for reproducibility. We hope this work helpsresearchers avoid wasting valuable time and resources pursuing pathologicalscience.

Pathological Water Science -- Four Examples and What They Have in Common