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Implantable medical devices (IMDs), such as pacemakers, implanted cardiacdefibrillators, and neurostimulators are medical devices implanted intopatients' bodies for monitoring physiological signals and performing medicaltreatments. Many IMDs have built-in wireless communication modules tofacilitate data collecting and device reprogramming by external programmers.The wireless communication brings significant conveniences for advancedapplications such as real-time and remote monitoring but also introduces therisk of unauthorized wireless access. The absence of effective access controlmechanisms exposes patients' life to cyber attacks. In this paper, we present alightweight and universally applicable access control system for IMDs. Byleveraging Physically Obfuscated Keys (POKs) as the hardware root of trust,provable security is achieved based on standard cryptographic primitives whileattaining high energy efficiency. In addition, barrier-free IMD access underemergent situations is realized by utilizing the patient's biometricalinformation. We evaluate our proposed scheme through extensive securityanalysis and a prototype implementation, which demonstrates our work'ssuperiority on security and energy efficiency.

POKs Based Secure and Energy-Efficient Access Control for Implantable Medical Devices