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To many, it is almost unfathomable that a parent is capable of intentionally injuring or murdering their own child. However, history has shown us that abuse and murder of an offspring was acceptable under various conditions in many societies from ancient times through the 20th century. While the past is dotted with social and legal responses to child abuse, widespread interest and study of the topic did not truly begin until the early 1960s. Since that time, much effort has been devoted to determine what causes child abuse and neglect. While a good deal has been learned over the past 50 years, child maltreatment is still an ambiguous field of study. Even with our improved dedication to identifying and understanding the problem of child abuse and neglect, our knowledge of the issue is hampered by the complexity of the problem not only as it occurs but also in our ability to adequately measure the true incidence of child maltreatment. My relationship with Mom drastically changed from discipline to punishment that grew out of control. It became so bad at times, I had no strength to crawl away – even if it meant saving my life. Dave Pelzer, A Child Called It [1] 2.1 A Brief History of Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment in its various forms is well documented throughout history as are child deaths, which were not unexpected due to the prevalence of illness, disease, and accidents. However, as far back as ancient times the first test for a newborn after surviving the trauma of childbirth was not disease, rather surviving their parents or the rules of society. Many cultures thought of infanticide as an acceptable means of keeping a family or society healthy or as a means of controlling the population [2–4]. Infanticide also occurred when the parents decided they did not want the child and they had the right to destroy their own property (as children were property at K.L. Ragan (B) The North Carolina, Child Fatality Prevention Team/NC OCME, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7580, USA e-mail: kragan@ocme.unc.edu; kris.ragan@gmail.com 7 A.H. Ross, S.M. Abel (eds.), The Juvenile Skeleton in Forensic Abuse Investigations, DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-255-7_2, C © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011